[the] ENGLISH-BLOG [.com]

6 November 2008

ENG 122 Students:

Per your instructions received in today's class meeting:

(1) retype the question you answered "in-class" today and then give your answer in the comment box below AND turnitin.com and,

(2) answer the question for the take-home quiz you were assigned as homework: that is, the number next to your name on the sign up sheet today is the open-book quiz question you should answer from the list of questions below. Also due on turnitin.com in its own folder. Due at our next class meeting. Community service day is on the 11th.

Out-of-Class Open-Book Quiz Questions for Updike’s “A & P”

 

INSTRUCTIONS: Before our next class meeting, enter the answer to the question you registered for on the attendance sheet (first, re-type the question) and submit digitally to BOTH turnitin.com and the English-blog (this is a quiz). You should show evidence/verification in your answer by using our text and incorporating page numbers and line numbers into your answer. To get credit for your answer, use specific examples and quotations.  This assignment is in ADDITION to entering the answer to the question you answered in class. Two separate assignments but both in the same places.

 

1.     (a) If you were in Sammy’s position, would you have made the same decision? Explain.
(b) Where in “A&P” does the dramatic conflict become apparent? What moment in the story brings the crisis? What is the climax of the story?

2.     (a) Describe Sammy. What is your reaction to his description of the girls and what he says about the customers?
(b) Is the supermarket setting vital to the story? Could the story have been set in a car wash? In a fast-food restaurant? In a business office? Why or why not?

3.     (a)What values and attitudes does Sammy assume about the fifty year-old woman and the other “sheep,” to Queenie and her family, to Mr. Lengel, to his own family? How accurate are Sammy’s judgments about the other characters? How might the characters be portrayed if the story were told be Lengel? To what extent is he guilty of oversimplification?
(b)What is the role of Stokesie? To what extent does he serve as a foil (a character who by contrast highlights the qualities or characteristics of another character) to Sammy?

4.     (a)What attitudes cause Mr. Lengel to be angry with the girls? Is his anger justified?
Does anything lead you to expect Sammy to make some gesture of  sympathy for the three the girls? (b)What incident earlier in the story (before Sammy quits) seems a foreshadowing?

5.     (a) Why does Sammy quit his job so suddenly? Is his gesture genuinely heroic or is it merely the misguided idealism of a rebellious adolescent? How is it prepared for earlier in the story? Why is it ironic?
(b) What do you think Sammy means when he says, “Now here comes the sad part of the story, at least my family says it’s sad but I don’t think so myself”?

6.     (a) At the end of the story Sammy says, “I felt how hard the world was going to be to me hereafter.” What does he mean? What do you think he learned from this experience?
(b) Notice how artfully Updike arranges details to set the story in a perfectly ordinary supermarket. What details stand out as particularly true to life? What does this close attention to detail contribute to the story?

7.     (a)What part of the story seems to be an exposition? Of what value to the  story is carefully detailed portrait of Queenie, the leader of the three girls?
(b) As the story develops, what change in Sammy’s feelings do you detect toward the girls?

8.     POINT-OF-VIEW: How important is perspective in literature?  Rewrite the first paragraph of this story in the third person (you can pencil in changes on the text—be prepared to read back some of back to the class in third person). Why do you think Updike wrote it in the first person? Which version do you think is better? Why?

9.     CONFLICT WITH ESTABLISHMENT: Where is YOUR local grocery store?  If three girls in bathing suits walked into your local supermarket, what do you think the reaction would be today? Has society’s attitude towards such issues as “dress” changed or remained essentially the same in the past forty years? How would you (or, other people) react if three girls walked into a class at SLU in their bathing suit? In the library? In the church building?  Does society still put limits on people for matters as trivial as “dress”? What, for example?

10.   THEME: We have discussed theme as a major way to approach the discussion/analysis of literature. You know many of them: Injustice, Inequality, Racism, Tradition, etc.  What themes are in “A & P”?  If you were to make this story into a film that takes place today in this year, what song would you have playing over the store’s speakers? Think of the themes involved in BOTH the story and the song as you make your decision.

11.   TRANSFORMATION: Good stories, it seems, have characters that transform after they have become “enlightened.” Remember Plato’s Cave?  At the end of the story, Sammy says “I felt how hard the world was going to be to me hereafter.” What apparent epiphany has Sammy had?  Do you think he is insightful or naive about his own character and the future?  Why or why not?

Don't forget to keep up with your readings. Your annotated bibliography is due on turnitin.com and in class for our next meeting. Don't forget! (it's on the itinerary).

Dr. Hobbs

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Dominique S.
Dr. Hobbs
ENG 122.CA1
11 Nov. 2008

8) Many critics regard the ending as ambiguous. Do you share Sammy’s pessimism about his future, or are you optimistic? Do you think quitting his job was a pointless gesture or a noble action?

I am optimistic about Sammy’s future because life does not end once you have quit or lose a job. Once you have drive and motivation to continue the possibilities are endless. I think him quitting his job was pointless because he could have pulled his boss on the side later to resolve the issue. The girls did not even care about his noble gesture because they just left. It was like he was willing to lose so much for people who were not willing to lose a thing for him.

4. (a)What attitudes cause Mr. Lengel to be angry with the girls? Is his anger justified?
Does anything lead you to expect Sammy to make some gesture of sympathy for the three the girls? (b)What incident earlier in the story (before Sammy quits) seems a foreshadowing?

The girls pretentious attitudes caused Mr. Lengel to be angered. His is justifiable because from his perspective he is older than them and they should obey and listen to him, and not answer back. The fact that Sammy takes so much interest in the treatment of the three does tell that he is sympathetic to the situation, but no clues in the story show that he will make a gesture of sympathy. In A&P, on page 21, he says, “Now here comes the sad part of the story, at least my family says it’s sad, but I don’t think it’s so sad myself.” This line tells us that his stories ending is not positive one in the eyes of his family, which hints that the situation may have affected him that is why his family has so much insight. By him taking so much interest in the situation and view the situation so much, it is obvious he is thinking about what is happening very strongly.

QUESTION 5

a) Why does Sammy quit his job so suddenly? Is his gesture genuinely heroic or is it merely the misguided idealism of a rebellious adolescent? How is it prepared for earlier in the story? Why is it ironic?
Sammy was hoping that the girls say I quit and be an unsuspecting hero to them. Sammy was just trying to look like a responsible guy to the girls as he was trying to stand up for them. The girls not even interested in hearing Sammy hurried out of the store. Sammy in the beginning describes how no one in the town usually walks in with one piece bathing suits with the shoulders coming off of them. Normally older ladies would generally cover up with shorts and a shirt. This creates a problem because the manager does not allow this in his stores. He was not in this store how ever at this time so it was not an issue if we had known this we would have been able to see the foreshadowing that Updike was trying to give us.

(b) What do you think Sammy means when he says, “Now here comes the sad part of the story, at least my family says it’s sad but I don’t think so myself”?

Sammy feels that what he has done is a heroic thing standing up for those girls to his boss. The boss is a friend of the family how ever so to them him quitting means the parents are letting down one of their friends. Sammy states he has just turned 19 this could mean he is heading off to college and needs to help pay for it so after quitting the job he wont be making more money to help pay.

John Updike’s A&P
My question to answer in class was would the story be any different if it were not in a supermarket and I think the story would much different if not in a supermarket because of the simple fact of how Sammy would be judgmental of the women he “critiqued” as they walked in and out and through the checkout. If it were a clothing store or something else retail it might have been the same. But anything different where he didn’t have to stand around all day looking at nothing too interesting or do anything really exciting would have probably made the story a whole lot different due to the fact that he might have actually doing something. He wouldn’t have time to make these well thought out descriptions like “She was a chunky kid, with a good tan and a sweet broad soft-looking can with those two crescents of white just under it, where the sun never seems to hit, at the top of the backs of her legs.” That sounds to me like a description of someone who has way too much time on his hands, even on the job. This certainly wouldn’t happen if Sammy was working, say in construction. He definitely would have been looking at girls as they walked by during his lunch break going by the popular stereotype. But during working time he would be 100 percent focused on the task at hand because if not, he could get injured or maybe worse.

2) Sammy is a bored young man at a typical teenager type job, just trying to make some kind of entertainment for himself by watching and judging the girls that walk into the supermarket. He thinks to himself throughout most of the story and he says things like” and a tall one, with black hair that hadn't quite frizzed right, and one of these sunburns right across under the eyes, and a chin that was too long -- you know, the kind of girl other girls think is very ‘striking’.” These kinds of thoughts are given by a teenager whose body is running rampant with hormones and needs something to occupy his time a little better at work. He a general teenager by the fact of his impulse decision to just up and quit for his own reasons which seem to make sense at the time and it made him look cool, but I am sure he would later realize out of the story that he made a bad mistake in quitting his job.
The supermarket setting is very vital in the plot of the story because in a car wash he couldn’t make these full body descriptions of these females and if it was in a fast food restaurant, he could make his descriptions, but not as much in depth because you are not waiting as long as in a supermarket and he has more time to look at them since they have to walk around the store to find what they are looking for. This story could not even exist in a business setting because for one, no girls would be walking in in bikinis on a regular basis and secondly, his descriptions would not be as fluid and plentiful as how they are now, and lastly, I am sure he would way too pre-occupied with some kind of work because it is usually very busy working in a business setting.

9. CONFLICT WITH ESTABLISHMENT: Where is YOUR local grocery store? If three girls in bathing suits walked into your local supermarket, what do you think the reaction would be today? Has society’s attitude towards such issues as “dress” changed or remained essentially the same in the past forty years? How would you (or, other people) react if three girls walked into a class at SLU in their bathing suit? In the library? In the church building? Does society still put limits on people for matters as trivial as “dress”? What, for example?
My local grocery store is an A&P and it’s located on route 31 North. If I saw a girl wearing a bathing suit I would look at her but I guess it’s not as big a deal. I wouldn’t think it was horrible. Society’s opinion about dress has changed in a big way. Many people dress sultry and they don’t care. Our world is becoming desensitized and many people don’t care. It really depends on the place, because Church is not a good place to wear a bathing suit to. Certain places have certain unspoken dress codes that they must follow.

Question2Sammy acts the way he does is because he is a nineteen year old kid. He is going to look at girls and make comments about them, he is not a weird person he is just over sexed and that’s all he is thinking about in his mind. I know that nineteen yearolds are very concerned about that sort of thing, I also feel it was right of him to stand up to his manager the way that he did.

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*NOTE* The deadline for this particular assignment has now passed. Any comments listed below are *ONLY* for the reposting of comments that I specifically asked to be revised or are ones from non-student posters. Any 'student' posts below that missed the assignment deadline will not get credit for the assignment.

~Dr. Hobbs

Joshua Green
Mr. Hobbs
Eng 122 CA17
1/19/2009

This classic short story by John Updike is about a young man named Sammy in a little town north of Boston at the A&P grocery store. One sunny day in the store, Sammy finds himself in the presence of three young girls who mosey around the aisles in revealing bathing suits. Sammy finds himself picking apart details about each girl throughout the story and thoughtfully observes their every move in the store. The A&P grocery store has a slight clothing policy, like most grocery stores usually do, which is the catalyst that sparks conflict between Sammy, Queenie and his manager Lengel near the end of the story. “Queenie” is the term used to describe one of the three girls because Sammy sees her as their leader. Sammy becomes quite fond of the other girl who had, in Sammy’s words, “a really sweet can”, but in the end it is the Queen whose scarce clothing draws attention from the all seeing Lengel. After a bit of shopping, the girls go to checkout at Sammy’s register. Up until then Sammy had entertained many thoughts about the girl’s appearance but now the girls were confronted by the manager Lengel. “Girls, this isn’t the beach”, Lengel repeated to the girls and gave notice to the sign located on the entrance. Queenie begins to plea her case but when Lengel uses phrases like, "We want you decently dressed when you come in here," the girls are embarrassed and begin to make their exit. Then all of a sudden Sammy’s mood changes as the ladies begin out the door, Sammy utters the words “I quit.” Hoping that the girls would recognize his heroism, he watches them carefully and repeats himself, “I quit.” The girls pay no mind and now Sammy is caught without a way to go back on his words. Lengel expresses his feelings on the situation but it’s too late. Sammy respectfully puts down his apron and makes his way through the automatic doors into the sunlight. With his ladies nowhere in sight, Sammy now realizes that sometimes doing the right thing doesn’t always work in your favor.

I believe the main point of this story was the meaning of Sammy’s rebellion in a situation that didn’t immediately yield positive results. He found himself defending a girl who never noticed him and like other hopeless romantics, Sammy took a huge chance for a girl and things didn’t turn out the way he planned.

Michael Balice
Professor McCuistion
Eng122
January 27,2009
Queen Bee
Three Females walk into a supermarket; and each of them is described by the narrator. The A&P supermarket is none other than ordinary. The narrator’s name is Sammy, and he tells a quick, concise story about how these three women change his life without even knowing that they do so. The story, however, comes to an abrupt ending when Sammy quit his job as a cashier and foresees not only the responsibilities of life but independence and pride as well.
Sammy portrays a character in the story that he names Queen as the most beautiful person he has ever laid eyes on. “She held her head so high her neck, coming up out of those white shoulders, looked kind of stretched, but I didn't mind. The longer her neck was the more of her there was ” (Updike 2). Sammy is infatuated by Queen that which leads to the demise of his job and or any responsibilities he once holds.
Queen is wearing a bathing suit with her straps folded off of her shoulders. She walks over to Sammy’s aisle, giving, him a great sensation of opportunity. The feeling didn’t last too long when Sammy’s boss, Lengel, comes over to them and makes a rude comment to Queen. He comes over and says, "Girls, this isn't the beach" (Updike 4). She replies saying that she is decently dressed While Sammy nods his head in approval, feeling as though she is dressed just fine. Sammy portrays Queen as a rich, classy girl because of the way she carries herself, and because of the fancy herring snacks she brings to the cash register.
After the comment is made, a few words are exchanged before Queen becomes embarrassed and looks for the nearest exit. Sammy says as loud as he can that he quits on the grounds that he doesn’t like the way Lengel speaks to Queen, hoping that she would hear his response. This is hard for Sammy to do, knowing that Lengel is a close friend of the family. Sammy has put forth so much effort to the situation that it is impossible for him to turn back, swallow his pride, and apologize. Sammy simply just walks out hoping to see his “Queen”. He doesn’t see her, and he sits outside for a minute and ponders while his stomach fills up with a nauseating feeling. Sammy just then realizes he has relinquished himself from all responsibilities, and this will upset his parents.
Sammy accomplishes nothing except for realizing every reaction has a consequence, and things that seem important at the time ultimately may not be of the highest priority. Queen shows Sammy a sense of independence. He stands up for Queen without her even knowing, while Lengel shows him that being responsible and not naïve is usually the best choice. Sammy’s perception of life changed that day when he quits his job because, in the end, he leaves the conflict with nothing to show from it except maybe a lesson and or changing his perception of his young, inexperienced mind.

Alicia Roddenberg
Dr. Hobbs
02-11-09
Eng 122 CA16
Plot of John Updike’s “A&P”
Updike opens this short story with the entering of the major characters into the Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company. We gather that the protagonist of the story is the narrator who we are able to presume is a male, who we later learn is named Sammie. Immediately we are able to identify there is some sort of conflict between the workers and shoppers of the A&P and the three teenaged girls who have entered the store in their bathing suits. With the arrival of the three girls, the immediate attitude of the narrator is different. This allows for the reader to be curious of what will happen next, and the narrator through hid descriptions holds our interest. The story begins and develops through the authors chosen conflicts.
The narrator helps to give the reader descriptive details of the three teenaged girls who enter the grocery store. At this point in the story the plot has to do with the three girls in their bikinis, yet we are unable to determine the conflict. As they proceed around the grocery store the story remains with the conflict unidentified and resolved. Finally after a trip around the store the girls enter Sammie’s check-out line, and place their one jar oh Kingfish Fancy Herring Snacks in Pure Sour Cream down. This point is relevant to the plot because the major conflict in the story is based around it.
The manager of the Store, Lengel remarks on the girls’ lack of clothing, “We want you decently dressed when you come in here” (Updike 22). This shows conflict of values or ideals between characters. The girls claim they are decently dressed, as Sammie feels a need to impress these girls. This shows the most evidence to Sammie’s own personal internal dilemma.
The story has reached its climax, where all the previous events have led to this major point. Once the girls are confronted by the manager, Sammie decides he needs to be heroic and quit. He is infuriated by the manager embarrassing those girls to no extent. Once Sammie leaves the building the girls he was trying to impress are nowhere in sight. Though Sammie’s goal was to impress the girls by quitting his job and taking a stand for them her was over all unsuccessful and will “feel this for the rest of his life” (Updike 23). In the end of the story, the protagonist is left changed in a positive and negative way. He stood up for what he believed in which could be looked at in a positive light, yet to contrast that he quit his job. “In a well-plotted story or play, one thing proceeds or follows another not simply because time ticks away but because effects follow causes” (Roberts 93).
In Updikes A&P, there are a few conflicts which help to create the plot within this story. There is conflict between the girls and Sammie, between the girls and the manager, Sammie and the manager, and also Sammie and himself. Within these conflicts the story is able to develop a purpose and gives it a sense of meaning. Everything is happening because of a previous action.

Works Cited
Roberts, Edgar V. Writing about Literature. Brief 11th ed. Saddle River, NJ: Pearson,
2006. page 93-108.
Updike, John. “A&P”. A Prentice Hall pocket reader Literature.
edited by Mary McAleer Balkun. Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2005. pages 18-23

Ryan Baumgardner
Dr B. Lee Hobbs
ENGL 122

February 17, 2009
Life of a Young Cashier in A&P

The story of A&P was very deceiving when it came to the structure of the plot. John Updike did a good job of building up to the climax, while not allowing readers to have foreseen the characters next action. Updike introduces the main character Sammy very quickly in the book. Sammy is a young man who works as a cashier at a local grocery store. While slowly introducing smaller characters such as other cashiers and what not, Updike doesn’t put much focus on them except for the three girls. The story is about three girls who come into a grocery store and look very out of place because they are in bathing suits. The store manager embarrasses the girls, which makes the cashier Sammy quit.
He puts a very good image in your head for the setting. He describes the town to be a coastal town in geography, but the town that is settled in North Boston is not seen as a beach town. This setting sets us up to understand why everyone stares at the girls when they enter the store in nothing but their bathing suits. “Everyone stared at the girls, every movement was watched.”(22). The protagonist in this story is the cashier Sammy, the reader gets that feeling right away. While I was unsure of who the antagonist was throughout the story, he finally appeared. It was Lengel, who was the store manager for A&P. Their conflict had do with how Lengel embarrassed the girls, and how Sammy stood up for them by quitting his job. In the Sammy lost his job and really one nothing, but you never know what experiences he had just gained.

Works Cited.

Updike.John “A&P.” A Prentice Hall Pocket Reader Literature. Ed. Balkun M. Mary. .Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006. (19-23 )

Sonia Perez
Dr. Lee Hobbs
Academic Writing 2 Eng 122 CA16
24 February 2009

Setting of “A & P”
According to Edgar V. Roberts, “Setting is the natural, manufactured, political, and
temporal environment, including everything that characters know and own” (109). The setting
of John Updike’s “A &P” is in a public building and it is historical circumstances, because the
location is a grocery store in a small Massachusetts town in the 1960s. This scene reflects old values in small towns and it affect one rather naive character.
Sammy, a young man who works in the store, notices three girls in bathing suits by the
bread aisle. He follows every foot step these girls make in the store. He observes the three girls, while they are walking around. The three girls are sauntering towards the meat section disrupting the traffic in the aisle. Sammy thinks it is amusing since the people seem to completely ignore them. “But there was no doubt, this jiggled them. A few houseslaves in pin curlers even looked around…to make sure what they had seen was correct” (Updike 20). The customers are not used to seeing girls in just their bathing suits since the store is not close to any beaches, and it is usually older women that have shorts or a shirt on if they just came from the beach. The area of the A & P store affects the characters thoughts and actions towards the girls because it is a small town people expect the girls to be properly dressed.
This episode Sammy starts to imagine another scene when one of the girls says, “My
mother asked me to pick up a jar of herring snacks” (Updike 21). He thinks that it is going to be a fancy party for guests, when his parents just have some cheap things for company. While he
is creating this scene in his head, the girls are in trouble with the manager in the store. The
manager is an old man who teaches Sunday classes. He embarrasses the girls by telling them
“this is not a beach” and next time to put on some clothes. One girl answers back that they are
“decent”, which in the 1960’s they find that disrespectful for the girls to talk back. Sammy feels that the girls should have not gone through embarrassment in front of people, so he quits. He does this since he believes that he is a hero to the girls. When he goes outside, the girls are gone. Now Sammy feels the guilt of quitting his job for a group of girls that did not care.
The setting of Updike’s “A & P” influences Sammy. It’s in an A & P store in a small
town where the people living there have old values and a place where they come together. The
town’s people hold on to those elders should be respected, and Sammy wants it to be changed.

Works Citied

Roberts, Edgar V. Writing About Literature. Brief 11th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2006. 109.

Updike, John. Literature: A Prentice Hall Pocket Reader. Mary McAleer Balkun. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2005. 18-23.

Michelle Youngblood
Dr. Hobbs
Eng 122 CA 16
March 3, 2009
A&P: Values in the eye of older people
The way a character acts can help distinguish what the theme of a story is. Not only does a character’s action help tell the theme, but statements made by a character also helps.
Roberts tells of five ways to find an idea in his text. Those five are: Study the Authorial Voice, study the character and the words of the first-person speaker, study the statements made by character, study the work’s figure of speech, study how character represent ideas, and study the work itself as an embodiment of ideas. (Roberts 122-23) The actions of the manger of the A&P store set the theme for A&P by John Dike. In the story, Lengel gets upset at the three girls in the store because they are wearing their bathing suits in the store. “We want you decently dressed when you come in here.” (Balkun 22) One of Saint Leo University’s core values is respect. By the way Lengel speaks he makes it seem as though the way the girls dress is disrespect to them and other. “We want you decently dressed when you come in here.” (22) The theme of A&P is basically about values and respect in the eye of older people. Lengel, who is older than Sammy does not like that the girls in the store dressed the way they are, while Sammy does not have a problem with it. Near the beginning of the story Sammy admired one of the girls in the store. “The one that caught my eye first was the one in the plaid green two-piece.” (18) Later Lengel comes out and tells the girls this is not the beach. (21) In A&P it shows how different older people are compared to younger people. Also, the actions of the characters and the statements they say help support the theme of the story.
References
Balkun, Mary McAleer. A&P. A Prentice Hall Pocket Reader. Ed. By Mary McAleer Balkun. Upper Saddle River: New Jersey, 2005.
Roberts, Edgar V. Writing About Literature. Brief 11th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2006. 68,285.

Brittany Thunberg
Dr. Hobbs
Academic Writing II CA16
9 March 2009

Youth’s Curse
“A & P” written by John Updike is a short story about three young girls going into a grocery store dressed in bathing suits. This short story is filled with symbolism. Updike uses symbolism throughout this work to help readers really understand the characters within the story. The symbolism and description used throughout this work makes it easy for readers to understand the story and the characters that Updike introduces.
Updike uses symbolism early in this short story. The main character Sammy is a cashier at the A & P who is distracted by the young girls in swim suits; until he is bothered by an old woman who Sammy refers to as a “witch.” After Sammy refers to the older woman as a witch, Updike uses symbolism again when he refers to Sammy calming her down as getting her “feathers smoothed.” (18) Using this type of language in reference to the old woman is symbolism. This old woman is a symbol of frustration and impatience.
Updike continues using symbolism when he is introducing readers to “Queenie” and the way that Sammy views her. “Walking into the A & P with your straps down, I suppose it’s the only kind of face you can have.” (Updike 19) Queenie is one of the three girls that come into the A & P with just their bathing suits on. She is described as the more attractive out of the three as well as the most poised. Queenie symbolizes youth and vitality in this short story. Queenie is alluring and mysterious to Sammy. Although she appears to be just another teenage girl to readers, she stands for something that Sammy yearns for. “When we first see a symbol in literature, it may seem to carry no more weight then its surface meaning.” (Roberts 129)
Finally Updike uses Sammy’s boss Lengel to symbolize regret and misery. Lengel is frustrated old man who seems as though he has a “cold heart.” You can see that he is miserable because he takes time to thoroughly embarrass the young girls in the store, when it really isn’t necessary to take it to the extreme. He embarrasses them in front of the employees as well as the customers. Lengel reminds Sammy of someone that he never wants to become. Updike’s symbolism used throughout the work makes the short story believable and entertaining.

Works Cited

Jackson, Shirley. “A & P.”A Prentice Hall Pocket Reader:Literature. Edited by Mary McAleer Balkun. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2005. 18-23.
Roberts, Edgar V. Writing About Literature. Brief 11th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2006. 129-143.
Works Cited